Development of unilateral pulmonary arteriovenous malformations due to unequal distribution of hepatic venous flow.

Afemale child with visceral heterotaxy (presumed left isomerism), interrupted inferior vena cava with azygos continuation to the superior vena cava, and double-outlet right ventricle underwent a total cavopulmonary anastomosis (end-to-side anastomosis of the superior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery) in infancy. Completion of Fontan circulation was undertaken at 3 years of age with construction of a tunnel from the hepatic veins to the pulmonary artery confluence. By 6 years of age, the child had become increasingly cyanotic, and cardiac catheterization was performed to define the mechanism of the cyanosis. Figure 1 is a pulmonary artery angiogram that reveals moderate hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery confluence. Figure 2 is a selective angiogram performed in the hepatic vein tunnel, with hepatic venous flow directed predominantly toward the left lung. The left pulmonary artery angiogram was normal. A right pulmonary artery angiogram (Figure 3) was markedly abnormal, showing a diffusely granular appearance of the distal vasculature and early appearance of contrast in the right pulmonary veins, characteristic of the presence of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. The development of arteriovenous malformations in the right lung allowed for intrapulmonary right-to-left shunting, accounting for the patient’s progressive cyanosis. Figure 4 is an azygos vein angiogram, performed after the